JLPT N1 Grammar Points

• をおいて～ない

  N1

  o oite~nai

  only; can only be; there is no alternative, only ~

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• という

  N1

  to iu

  all; every single ~ (no exceptions)

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• あくまでも

  N1

  akumade mo

  to the end; persistently; absolutely; is still very ~

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• あっての

  N1

  atte no

  which can exist solely due to the presence of; which owes everything to

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• あらかじめ

  N1

  arakajime

  beforehand; in advance; previously​

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• いかんだ / いかんでは / いかんによっては

  N1

  ikan da / ikan dewa / ikan ni yotte wa

  in accordance with; depending on; whether or not ~

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• いかんにかかわらず / いかんによらず / いかんをとわず

  N1

  ikan ni kakawarazu / ikan ni yorazu / ikan o towazu

  regardless of; whether or not; doesn't matter whether ~

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• いずれにしても / いずれにしろ / いずれにせよ

  N1

  izure ni shitemo / izure ni shiro / izure ni seyo

  anyhow; anyway; either way; in any case ~

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• うちに入らない（うちにはいらない）

  N1

  uchi ni hairanai

  not really; can't be regarded as ~

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• およそ

  N1

  oyoso

  about; roughly; generally; approximately; completely​ ~

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• かたがた

  N1

  katagata

  while; at the same time; incidentally; for the purpose of ~

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• かたわら

  N1

  katawara

  while; besides; at the same time; in addition

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• かつて

  N1

  katsute

  once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-

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• かと思いきや（かとおもいきや）

  N1

  ka to omoikiya

  contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ~

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• からある / からする / からの

  N1

  kara aru / kara suru / kara no

  at least; as much as; as many as ~

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• かれ～かれ

  N1

  kare~kare

  sooner or later; more or less

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• か否か（かいなか）

  N1

  ka ina ka

  whether or not ~

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• が/も～なら、～も～だ

  N1

  ga/mo~nara, ~mo~da

  negative connection/comparison (like father like son)

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• がてら

  N1

  gatera

  while; on the same occasion; at the same time; coincidentally ~

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• がましい

  N1

  gamashii

  look like; sound like; approximate; similar to; somewhat like ~

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• が早いか（がはやいか）

  N1

  ga hayai ka

  no sooner than; as soon as ~

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• きっての

  N1

  kitte no

  the most / greatest … of all

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• くらいなら

  N1

  kurai nara

  rather than (do ...)​

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• くらいのものだ

  N1

  kurai no mono da

  only (emphasis)

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• ぐるみ

  N1

  gurumi

  together (with); -wide

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• こそあれ

  N1

  koso are

  although; even though ~

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• こそすれ

  N1

  koso sure

  and; although; but ~

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• こそ「～が・けれど」

  N1

  koso~ga/keredo

  but; although (emphasis)

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• ことこの上ない / この上ない / この上なく（ことこのうえない / このうえない / このうえなく）

  N1

  koto kono ue nai / kono ue nai / kono ue naku

  the most of all; the best; nothing is more ... than ~

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• こととて

  N1

  koto tote

  because; since ~

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• ことなしに

  N1

  koto nashi ni

  without doing something

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• ことのないように

  N1

  koto no nai you ni

  so as not to; to not ~

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• こともあって

  N1

  koto mo atte

  partly because; also because of; plus the reason for ~

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• ごとき / ごとく / ごとし

  N1

  gotoki / gotoku / gotoshi

  like; as if; the same as ~

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• さ

  N1

  sa

  ending particle; indicates assertion

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• さもないと

  N1

  samonaito

  otherwise; or else; if not ~

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• じみた

  N1

  jimita

  to become; to appear like; to look like; tainted with ~

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• すら / ですら

  N1

  sura / de sura

  even ~ (with emphasis)

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• ずくめ

  N1

  zukume

  completely; entirely; nothing but ~

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• ずじまい

  N1

  zu jimai

  ended up not doing ~

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• ずとも

  N1

  zu tomo

  even without doing; even without being​ ~

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• ずにはおかない / ないではおかない

  N1

  zu niwa okanai / nai dewa okanai

  will definitely/certainly do something; cannot not ~

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• ずには済まない / ないでは済まない（ずにはすまない / ないではすまない）

  N1

  zu niwa sumanai / nai dewa sumanai

  must; will definitely; can’t help but to ~

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• そばから

  N1

  soba kara

  as soon as; right after​ ~

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• そびれる

  N1

  sobireru

  to miss a chance; to fail to do ~

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• ぞ・ぜ

  N1

  zo / ze

  ending particle; adds force or indicates command

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• たことにする / たことになる

  N1

  ta koto ni suru / ta koto ni naru

  pretend to; see things as untrue; contrary to the truth ~

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• ただ～のみだ

  N1

  tada~nomi da

  all we can do is; can do nothing but; only ~

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• たつもりはない

  N1

  ta tsumori wa nai

  have no intention to / didn't mean to ~

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• たところで

  N1

  ta tokoro de

  even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)

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• ためしがない

  N1

  tameshi ga nai

  is never the case; has never happened; I have never seen or heard of ~

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• たら最後 / たが最後（たらさいご / たがさいご）

  N1

  tara saigo / taga saigo

  if you do... negative result

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• たら～たで

  N1

  tara~tade

  if / in the case... of course / should ~

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• たら～ところだ

  N1

  tara~tokoro da

  if... (counterfactual condition), then would be ~

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• たりとも

  N1

  tari tomo

  not even; not any ~

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• たるもの / たる

  N1

  taru mono / taru

  (those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of ... should ~

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• た弾みに / た拍子に（たはずみに / たひょうしに）

  N1

  ta hazumi ni / ta hyoushi ni

  the moment [A], unintentionally / inadvertently caused something to happen

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• だに / だにしない

  N1

  dani / dani shinai

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• だの～だの

  N1

  dano~dano

  and; and the like; and so forth ~

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• だろうに

  N1

  darou ni

  (1) surely..., but ~; although... is likely, ~ (2) should have (regret); might / must have been ~

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• ってば / ったら

  N1

  tteba / ttara

  speaking of; I told you already; come on (annoyance / dissatisfaction)

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• つ～つ

  N1

  tsu~tsu

  and ~ (indicates two contrasting actions)

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• てからというもの

  N1

  te kara to iu mono

  ever since ~

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• てしかるべきだ

  N1

  te shikaru beki da

  should; appropriate; it is natural to do ~

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• てみせる

  N1

  te miseru

  I’ll do my best; I'll definitely do; I'll show you ~

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• てもどうにもならない

  N1

  temo dou ni mo naranai

  it's no use; can't do anything

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• ても差し支えない（てもさしつかえない）

  N1

  temo sashitsukaenai

  can ~; it’s okay if ~ (indicates permission or compromise)

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• ても知らない（てもしらない）

  N1

  temo shiranai

  if (you) continue... you'll end up / I don't care about it

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• てやまない

  N1

  te yamanai

  always; never stop; can’t help but ~

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• て敵わない（てかなわない）

  N1

  te kanawanai

  can't bear to; unable to; troublesome to; can’t stand to ~

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• て済むことではない（てすむことではない）

  N1

  te sumu koto dewa nai

  ~ is not enough to solve the problem; cannot be resolved by ~

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• であれ / であろうと

  N1

  de are / de arou to

  whoever; whatever; however; even ~

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• であれ～であれ

  N1

  de are~de are

  whether [A] or [B]

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• でなくてなんだろう

  N1

  denakute nan darou

  must be; is definitely ~

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• ではあるまいか

  N1

  dewa arumai ka

  isn't it; I wonder if it’s not ~

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• ではあるまいし

  N1

  dewa arumai shi

  it’s not like; it isn’t as if ~

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• では済まない（ではすまない）

  N1

  dewa sumanai

  it doesn’t end with just ~; it will take more than ~

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• でもあり～でもある

  N1

  demo ari~demo aru

  to also be; both… and ~

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• でも何でもない / くも何ともない（でもなんでもない / くもなんともない）

  N1

  demo nan demo nai / kumo nan tomo nai

  not in the least; nothing like that

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• とあって

  N1

  to atte

  due to the fact that; because of ~

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• とあれば

  N1

  to areba

  if it is the case that; if ~

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• といい～といい

  N1

  to ii~to ii

  both ... and; not only ... also; whether it be ... or ~

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• というか～というか

  N1

  to iu ka~to iu ka

  or rather; or perhaps I should say; I mean ~

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• というところだ / といったところだ

  N1

  to iu tokoro da / to itta tokoro da

  at the most; no more than​; at best; roughly; about ~

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• というもの

  N1

  to iu mono

  during; for; since; over a period of time

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• というわけだ

  N1

  to iu wake da

  that's why; no wonder; this means; it is the case that ~

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• というわけではない

  N1

  to iu wake dewa nai

  it’s not that; it doesn’t mean that ~

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• といえども

  N1

  to ie domo

  even if; even though; despite ~

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• といったらない

  N1

  to ittara nai

  extremely; very; nothing more ... than this; as ... as it could possibly be

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• といわず～といわず

  N1

  to iwazu~to iwazu

  both; not only A or B, but (overall) ~

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• ときたら

  N1

  tokitara

  when it comes to; concerning ~

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• ときている

  N1

  to kiteiru

  because of ~

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• ところを

  N1

  tokoro o

  although (it is a certain time/condition); even though normally

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• とされる

  N1

  to sareru

  is considered to; it is said that ~

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• としたことが

  N1

  toshita koto ga

  of all people, who would have thought?

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• とっさに

  N1

  tossa ni

  at once; right away; promptly

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• とて

  N1

  tote

  even; even if/though ~

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• となると / となれば

  N1

  to naru to / to nareba

  when it comes to; in such a case; if that happens

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• とは

  N1

  towa

  I didn't know; I was surprised that; the fact that ~

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• とはいえ

  N1

  towa ie

  though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless

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• とは打って変わって / とは打って変わり（とはうってかわって / とはうってかわり）

  N1

  towa utte kawatte / to wa utte kawari

  unlike; totally different; very different from ~

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• とは比べものにならない（とはくらべものにならない）

  N1

  towa kurabemono ni naranai

  can't compare with ~

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• とばかりに

  N1

  to bakari ni

  as if to say; as though~

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• とみると

  N1

  to miru to

  as soon as one realizes ..., then ~

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• ともあろうものが

  N1

  tomo arou mono ga

  of all people (expression showing surprise at a high standing person's misbehavior)

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• ともすれば

  N1

  tomo sureba

  apt to (do); tend to; liable to; prone to ~

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• ともなく / ともなしに

  N1

  tomo naku / tomo nashi ni

  somehow; without knowing; without thinking; unconsciously​ ~

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• とも～とも

  N1

  tomo~tomo

  unable to draw a conclusion; unable to judge

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• とりわけ

  N1

  toriwake

  especially; above all ~

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• と相まって（とあいまって）

  N1

  to aimatte

  together with..., more; because of the influence of..., more ~

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• と見るや（とみるや）

  N1

  to miru ya

  at the sight of; upon seeing; after confirming ~

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• と言えなくもない（といえなくもない）

  N1

  to ienaku mo nai

  one can even say that; it can also be said that ~

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• どうにも～ない

  N1

  dou nimo~nai

  not … by any means; no matter how hard one tries, cannot ~

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• ないとも限らない（ないともかぎらない）

  N1

  nai tomo kagiranai

  not necessarily; I can't say that; maybe; might ~

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• ないまでも

  N1

  nai made mo

  not to say; although it does not reach the level of ~

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• ないものか / ないものだろうか

  N1

  nai mono ka / nai mono darou ka

  isn't there; can’t we…?; can’t I…?

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• ないものでもない

  N1

  nai mono demo nai

  is not entirely impossible

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• ながらに / ながらの

  N1

  nagara ni / nagara no

  while; during; without change; performed in this condition

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• なくしては

  N1

  nakushite wa

  cannot do without ~

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• なしに / なしで

  N1

  nashi ni / nashi de

  without; without doing ~

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• ならいざしらず / はいざしらず

  N1

  nara iza shirazu / wa iza shirazu

  I don't know about ... but; it may be possible for ... but ~

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• ならでは

  N1

  nara dewa

  distinctive of; uniquely applying to; special to ~

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• なり

  N1

  nari

  as soon as; right after ~

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• なりとも

  N1

  nari tomo

  at least; even just a little (adverbial particle)

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• なりに / なりの

  N1

  nari ni / nari no

  suitable; in one's own way/style

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• なり～なり

  N1

  nari~nari

  [A] or [B] or something; for instance ~

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• なんという / なんと / なんて

  N1

  nan to iu / nanto / nante

  how (beautiful, etc.); what a ~

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• に

  N1

  ni

  and; in addition to; the combination of ~

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• にあって

  N1

  ni atte

  at; on; during; in the condition of​ ~

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• にかかっている

  N1

  ni kakatteiru

  depending on; to depend on; whether or not

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• にかかっては / にかかったら / にかかると / かかれば

  N1

  ni kakatte wa / ni kakattara / ni kakaru to / kakareba

  when handled by (N), becomes a completely different result

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• にかこつけて

  N1

  ni kako tsukete

  to use as a pretext; to use as an excuse

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• にかまけて

  N1

  ni kamakete

  to be too busy; to focus / concentrate only on ~

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• にしたところで / としたところで

  N1

  ni shita tokoro de / to shita tokoro de

  even if; even supposing that ~

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• にして

  N1

  ni shite

  at / on / under certain conditions (time, position, age, number of times)

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• にとどまらず

  N1

  ni todomarazu

  not limited to; not only… but also ~

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• には及ばない（にはおよばない）

  N1

  niwa oyobanai

  there is no need to; unnecessary; no match for ~

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• には当たらない（にはあたらない）

  N1

  niwa ataranai

  it’s not worth; there’s no need to; does not correspond to ~

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• には無理がある（にはむりがある）

  N1

  ni wa muri ga aru

  difficult to do; is unreasonable / unrealistic / impossible

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• にまつわる

  N1

  ni matsuwaru

  to be related to; to concern; associated with ~

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• にも増して（にもまして）

  N1

  nimo mashite

  more than…; above ~

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• にもほどがある

  N1

  nimo hodo ga aru

  there is a limit to what is acceptable; to go too far

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• によらず

  N1

  ni yorazu

  regardless of ~

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• に値する（にあたいする）

  N1

  ni atai suru

  to be worth; to be worthy of; to deserve; to merit​ ~

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• に先駆けて（にさきがけて）

  N1

  ni sakigakete

  prior to; to be the first (pioneer); being ahead of ~

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• に則って（にのっとって）

  N1

  ni nottotte

  based on; according to; in accordance with ~

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• に即して（にそくして）

  N1

  ni sokushite

  according to; in keeping with; to be based on ~

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• に引き換え（にひきかえ）

  N1

  ni hikikae

  compared to; in contrast to; unlike; while; whereas ~

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• に忍びない（にしのびない）

  N1

  ni shinobinai

  cannot bring oneself (to do); unable to bear ~

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• に照らして（にてらして）

  N1

  ni terashite

  according to; in view of; in light of ~

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• に耐える / に耐えない（にたえる / にたえない）

  N1

  ni taeru / ni taenai

  worth doing; can do; cannot bear doing ~

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• に至っては（にいたっては）

  N1

  ni ittate wa

  when it comes to; as for ~

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• に至っても（にいたっても）

  N1

  ni itattemo

  even if; even though; although something reached the point ~

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• に至る / に至った（にいたる / にいたった）

  N1

  ni itaru / ni itatta

  leads to; come to a conclusion

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• に至るまで（にいたるまで）

  N1

  ni itaru made

  as far as; up until; everything from ... to ~

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• に言わせれば（にいわせれば）

  N1

  ni iwasereba

  if you ask; if one may say ~

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• に足らない / に足りない（にたらない / にたりない）

  N1

  ni taranai / ni tarinai

  cannot; not worthy; not worth doing ~

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• に足る / に足りる（にたる / にたりる）

  N1

  ni taru / ni tariru

  can do; worthy; worth doing

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• に限ったことではない（にかぎったことではない）

  N1

  ni kagitta koto dewa nai

  not limited to only ~

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• に難くない（にかたくない）

  N1

  ni katakunai

  easy to do; it’s not hard to (imagine, understand, guess)

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• に～を重ねて（に～をかさねて）

  N1

  ni~o kasanete

  success after continuous (effort, work, adjustments, etc.)

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• のなんのって

  N1

  no nan notte

  extremely ~ (cannot be expressed in words)

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• のやら / ものやら / ことやら

  N1

  no yara / mono yara / koto yara

  I wonder...; unsure; I don’t know ~

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• のやら～のやら

  N1

  no yara~no yara

  or ~ (I don't know)

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• の極み（のきわみ）

  N1

  no kiwami

  utmost; extremely ~

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• の至り（のいたり）

  N1

  no itari

  utmost; extremely ~

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• はおろか

  N1

  wa oroka

  let alone; not to mention; needless to say ~

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• はさておき

  N1

  wa sateoki

  setting aside ~

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• はそっちのけで / をそっちのけで

  N1

  wa socchinoke de / o socchinoke de

  ignoring (one thing) for (another)​​; instead of ~

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• はどうであれ

  N1

  wa dou de are

  however; whatever​ ~

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• ばこそ

  N1

  ba koso

  only because ~

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• ばそれまでだ / たらそれまでだ

  N1

  ba sore made da / tara sore made da

  if… then it’s over

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• びる / びて / びた

  N1

  biru / bite / bita

  to seem to be; to appear; to behave as ~

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• ぶり / っぷり

  N1

  buri / ppuri

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• ぶる / ぶって / ぶった

  N1

  buru / butte / butta

  assuming the air of; behaving like; to pretend / act like ~

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• べからず / べからざる

  N1

  bekarazu / bekarazaru

  must not; should not; do not ~

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• べく

  N1

  beku

  in order to; for the purpose of ~

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• べくして

  N1

  beku shite

  as it is bound to (happen); following the natural course

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• べくもない

  N1

  beku mo nai

  cannot possibly be ~

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• ほうがましだ

  N1

  hou ga mashi da

  better than; would rather ~

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• ほどのことではない

  N1

  hodo no koto dewa nai

  it's not worth; no need to ~

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• まくる

  N1

  makuru

  to do over and over again; to do relentlessly

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• まじき

  N1

  majiki

  should not; must not ~

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• までだ / までのことだ

  N1

  made da / made no koto da

  only; just; nothing else

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• までもない / までもなく

  N1

  made mo nai / made mo naku

  there's no need to; it’s not necessary to ~

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• まみれ

  N1

  mamire

  covered with; stained; smeared with ~

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• めく

  N1

  meku

  seems; show signs of; to have the appearance of ~

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• もさることながら

  N1

  mo saru koto nagara

  one may well say so, but~; not only... but also ~

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• もしくは

  N1

  moshikuwa

  or; otherwise

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• もしないで

  N1

  mo shinai de

  without even doing ~

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• もので

  N1

  mono de

  because; for that reason

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• ものとして

  N1

  mono toshite

  to assume; to suppose; on the presumption that ~

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• ものとする

  N1

  mono to suru

  shall; to assume; understood as ~

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• ものと思われる / ものと見られる（ものとおもわれる / ものとみられる）

  N1

  mono to omowareru / mono to mirareru

  to think; to suppose; it is believed/expected that ~

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• ものを

  N1

  mono o

  if only; I wish; I'm sorry it's not actually (regret)

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• も同然だ（もどうぜんだ）

  N1

  mo douzen da

  just like; same as ~

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• やしない

  N1

  ya shinai

  should do, but don't; absolutely not; there's no way ~

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• やれ～やれ

  N1

  yare~yare

  pattern to give two representative examples (usually negative)

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• や否や（やいなや）

  N1

  ya ina ya

  as soon as; the moment ~

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• ようが / ようと

  N1

  you ga / you to

  even if; no matter how/what ~

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• ようが～ようが / ようと～ようと

  N1

  you ga~you ga / you to~you to

  no matter; whether; even if [A] or [B]

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• ようと～まいと / ようが～まいが

  N1

  you to~mai to / you ga~mai ga

  whether or not; regardless

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• ようにも～ない

  N1

  you nimo~nai

  even if I wanted to… I couldn’t ~

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• ようによっては / ようでは

  N1

  you ni yotte wa / you dewa

  depending on the way; depending on how; according to how ~

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• わ

  N1

  wa

  feminine sentence ending particle

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• わ〜わで

  N1

  wa~wade

  and (listing negative things happening at the same time)

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• をいいことに

  N1

  o ii koto ni

  to take advantage of ~

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• をもって / をもちまして

  N1

  o motte / o mochimashite

  by means of; with; on / at / as of (time)​

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• をものともせずに

  N1

  o mono tomo sezuni

  in defiance of; not losing to / afraid / worrying about ~

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• をよそに

  N1

  o yoso ni

  despite; without regards to ~

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• を余儀なくされる（をよぎなくされる）

  N1

  o yogi naku sareru

  to be forced to do something because one has no other choice

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• を兼ねて（をかねて）

  N1

  o kanete

  also for the purpose of ~

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• を前提として（をぜんていとして）

  N1

  o zentei toshite

  with the intention to; on the condition / assumption ~

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• を境に（をさかいに）

  N1

  o sakai ni

  since ~ (indicates a large change before & after)

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• を押して / を押し切って（をおして / をおしきって）

  N1

  o oshite / o oshikitte

  to overcome (opposition); to push past ~

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• を控えて（をひかえて）

  N1

  o hikaete

  to be soon; the time has come to; nearby; ahead of ~

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• を機に（をきに）

  N1

  o ki ni

  as an opportunity/chance to ~

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• を皮切りに（をかわきりに）

  N1

  o kawakiri ni

  one after another; starting with ~

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• を禁じ得ない（をきんじえない）

  N1

  o kinji enai

  can’t help but; can’t refrain from ~

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• を経て（をへて）

  N1

  o hete

  through; by way of; after; via ~

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• を踏まえて（をふまえて）

  N1

  o fumaete

  to be based on; to take into account ~

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• を限りに（をかぎりに）

  N1

  o kagiri ni

  starting from; the last time (ending a continued action)

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• を顧みず / も顧みず（をかえりみず / もかえりみず）

  N1

  o kaerimizu / mo kaerimizu

  despite; without considering; not worrying about; regardless of ~

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• んがために

  N1

  n ga tame ni

  in order to ~

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• んばかりに

  N1

  n bakari ni

  as if; as though ~

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• 並み（なみ）

  N1

  nami

  average; ordinary; same level as; equal to; on par with ~

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• まるっきり

  N1

  marukkiri

  completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all​ ~

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• 何しろ（なにしろ）

  N1

  nani shiro

  at any rate; after all; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know ~

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• 切りがない（きりがない）

  N1

  kiri ga nai

  endless; boundless; going on forever​; there’s no end to ~

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• 可能性がある（かのうせいがある）

  N1

  kanousei ga aru

  may/might; there’s a possibility that ~

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• さぞ

  N1

  sazo

  surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed​ ~

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• いかなる

  N1

  ikanaru

  any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever

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• いかに

  N1

  ikani

  how; in what way; how much; to what extent

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• いかにも

  N1

  ikani mo

  indeed; really; truly; just (like); very; extremely ~

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• 始末だ（しまつだ）

  N1

  shimatsu da

  end up; in the end; as a result (negative)

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• 嫌いがある（きらいがある）

  N1

  kirai ga aru

  bad habit; to have a tendency to ~

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• 尽くす（つくす）

  N1

  tsukusu

  to use up (completely without anything remaining); to exhaust; to run out of ~

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• 思いをする（おもいをする）

  N1

  omoi o suru

  to think; to feel ~

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• ことごとく

  N1

  koto gotoku

  altogether; entirely; completely ~

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• 手前（てまえ）

  N1

  temae

  considering; before; in front of; one’s standpoint

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• 折に（おりに）

  N1

  ori ni

  when; at the time; on the occasion ~

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• 損なう / 損ねる / 損じる（そこなう / そこねる / そんじる）

  N1

  sokonau / sokoneru / sonjiru

  to do something wrong; by mistake; to miss a chance; to fail to ~

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• 放題（ほうだい）

  N1

  houdai

  doing as one pleases; to one's heart's content; leaving uncontrolled

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• ゆえに

  N1

  yue ni

  therefore; consequently​; because of; due to ~

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• 敢えて（あえて）

  N1

  aete

  dare to; daringly; deliberately; purposely ~

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• もはや

  N1

  mohaya

  already; now; no longer; not anymore

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• 案の定（あんのじょう）

  N1

  an no jou

  just as one thought; as usual; sure enough

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• 極まる / 極まりない（きわまる / きわまりない）

  N1

  kiwamaru / kiwamarinai

  extremely; very ~

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• さも

  N1

  samo

  really (seem, appear, etc.); truly; as if ~

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• 甲斐もなく（かいもなく）

  N1

  kai mo naku

  despite; even though ~

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• 羽目になる（はめになる）

  N1

  hame ni naru

  to get stuck with; to end up with (something unpleasant)

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• 術がない（すべがない）

  N1

  sube ga nai

  there is no way / means; cannot do ~

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• 限りだ（かぎりだ）

  N1

  kagiri da

  to feel strongly

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